Indigenous knowledge, bravery, vigilance: how four siblings survived in Colombia's perilous jungle
As more details emerge about four children's incredible feat of survival in the Colombian Amazon, it has become clear that the ancestral knowledge of the eldest child played a vital role in keeping her younger siblings, including a baby who turned one during the ordeal, alive for 40 days.
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How did the children survive for 40 days in the Amazon jungle?
Thirteen-year-old Lesly Mukutuy was able to identify edible fruits, find suitable water and avoid dangerous plants and animals thanks in part to knowledge handed down to her from her grandmother, Fatima Valencia.
"We have to recognise not only her bravery but also her leadership," the minister of defence, Ivan Velasquez, said on Sunday after a visit to Bogota's military hospital, where the children are being treated for malnutrition and minor injuries. "We can say that it was because of her that her three younger siblings could survive by her side, thanks to her care and her knowledge of the jungle."
A Cessna carrying the four children, their mother and two other adults including the pilot crashed in one of Colombia's most remote and dangerous regions on 1 May. A search team found the plane on 16 May in a thick patch of the rainforest and recovered the bodies of the adults but the children were nowhere to be found.
On Friday the four children - members of the Huitoto Indigenous community - were found in a small jungle clearing 3 miles (5km) from the wreckage, in an area where snakes, mosquitoes and other animals abound.
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Who are the children and what led to the plane crash?
Several times search teams had passed within 50 metres of the clearing. They were finally able to pin the children down thanks to a cry from Cristin, the youngest of the siblings.
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How did rescuers locate the children?
He was just 11 months old when the plane came down while the children were travelling with their mother from the Amazonian village of Araracuara to San Jose del Guaviare.
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Where are the children now?
The children's great-uncle, Fidencio Valencia, said the siblings had survived by eating farina, or cassava flour, and by using their knowledge of the rainforest's fruits.
So far the children have given few details of their ordeal, but conversations with family members suggest they have may have hid from the search team out of fear.
"They were afraid out there, with the dogs barking," said Fidencio Valencia, having spoken to the children on Sunday. "They hid among the trees ... they ran."
Valencia told the media outlet Noticias Caracol that the children were starting to talk and one of them said they hid in tree trunks to protect themselves.
Alicia Mendez, a journalist with the newspaper El Tiempo, said that one point the children had heard a message in their native language recorded by Fatima Valencia and transmitted from a helicopter, but they were scared to respond.
Henry Guerrero, an Indigenous man who was part of the search group, told reporters that the children were found with two small bags containing some clothes, a towel, a torch, two mobile phones, a music box and a drink bottle.
He said they used the bottle to collect water in the jungle, adding that after they were rescued the youngsters complained of being hungry. "They wanted to eat rice pudding, they wanted to eat bread," he said.
Aside from the shock and trauma of the crash and their mother's death, the children may have had reason to fear the olive uniforms of the search party. Manuel Ranoque, father of the two younger children, claims that members of the Carolina Ramirez Front, an ex-Farc dissident group active in the region, had a history of threatening him and his family.
Ranoque, who served as governor of a Huitoto community, said the threats had forced him to leave the region to Araracuara, in Caqueta in Colombia's southern Amazon region. The family had visited Ranoque there in April and were returning to San Jose de Guaviare in a chartered Cessna when the engine failed and crashed into a region where the rebel group operate. On 20 May the army confirmed it had found an abandoned Farc dissident camp 2.8km from the crash site but quickly ruled out speculation that the children had been kidnapped by the group.
Ranoque said the children would tell their own stories in time.
No one can accuse the military of not doing enough to find the siblings. They used 11 aircraft, distributed 10,000 flyers and launched 100 food kits into the search area of 323 sq km, even at distances further than the children could have been expected to reach on foot. More than 150 soldiers and 200 volunteers from local Indigenous communities and a team of 10 Belgian shepherd dogs took part in the search.
At first the troops from the Colombian special forces acted silently, accustomed to tracking down rebel groups in the jungle. "We realised we had to modify the procedure, to make noise and call Lesly's name, to make them see us," a soldier involved in the rescue told El Mundo on condition of anonymity. Of the Indigenous volunteers, he said: "They taught us about the jungle, their traditions and their deep spirituality."
It was perhaps telling that the first people to find the children were members of the Indigenous search team, who had been calling out in native languages. On the morning of the rescue they partook in a ritual with yage (ayahuasca), a traditional jungle medicine with psychedelic properties.
"They were found by an Indigenous guardian who took yage and with the support of the army's technology," said Luis Acosta, coordinator of the Guardia Indigina. "Those who take yage see far beyond what we see. He becomes a doctor, a panther, a tiger a puma. He sees beyond because it's a holistic medicine. He had the capacity to look."
Speaking on Saturday, Fatima Valencia also credited the spiritual and natural worlds for her grandchildren's survival.
"I give thanks to Mother Earth, because she released them."